Recipes and Ratings from Food.com Exploratory Data Analysis

Introduction

Hello!

Welcome to our Exploratory Data Analysis for a dataset taken from the reviews at food.com.

Food is an ever-present, and often highly cherished, part of our everyday lives. As our world becomes more interconnected, that also means delicious recipes–and thus food–can be widely shared. Food.com is a platform where users can share, rate, and review different recipes.

For our EDA, we used data on both the ratings of each review from food.com and the information about the corresponding recipe.

Although our dataset has 234,429 rows, or reviews from food.com users, it is only a subset of the data–from 2008 onwards–that was originally scraped and used by the authors from here.

For our analysis, we decided to ask: do dessert recipes tend to have more calories than other recipes?

We asked this question because we were interested in whether desserts, specifically, would have more calories than other recipes. Although desserts are typically seen as drastically more unhealthy than other recipes, we wanted to see if this was really the case on food.com.

Our merged dataset (which combines recipe and rating information) contains these (especially) relevant columns:

Column Name	Description
name	Name of the recipe
id	A unique identifier for each recipe
minutes	The number of minutes it takes to prepare this recipe
contributor_id	A unique identifier for the contributor of the review
tags	A list of different tags that apply to this recipe
nutrition	Nutrition information in the form [calories (#), total fat (PDV), sugar (PDV), sodium (PDV), protein (PDV), saturated fat (PDV), carbohydrates (PDV)]. PDV stands for “percentage of daily value”
n_steps	The number of steps for this recipe
description	The user-provided description
rating	The rating given, out of a total of 5
review	The text of the given review
avg_rate	The average rating for this recipe

Note: In our data cleaning process, our nutrition column was later split into different columns. More relevant columns from this cleaned dataframe are listed here::

Column Name	Description
calories	The number of calories for this recipe
protein	The PDV of protein for this recipe

Cleaning and EDA

Data Cleaning

Our first step was to merge the recipes DataFrame, which contains information about things like a recipe’s ingredients and tags, with the interactions DataFrame, which contains information about things like reviews and ratings from different users.

While merging, we also filled all values of 0 in the ratings column with np.nan (not a value). On food.com, it is possible to post a review without leaving a star rating. We decided to fill in 0 ratings as missing, to account for everyone who may have posted without remembering to click on a star value, or didn’t know they had to click the stars to select their desired rating. In addition, many places often recognize 1, not 0, stars as the lowest rating. This way, people who forgot or did not know about the star rating feature also will not drag down the average rating.

We then decided to find the average rating of each recipe, and added the information in a new column: avg_rate. We also changed the submitted and date columns from strings to datetime objects.

Next, we decided to separate the elements inside of the nutrition and tags for better readability and analysis potential.

We used string methods to convert the data inside of the nutrition, tags, steps, and ingredients columns from a string of a list to an actual list.

In our merged dataframe, we exchanged the nutrition columns for columns such as calories, total_fat, etc., which correspond with the original values and units in the old nutrition lists.

We decided to use one-hot encoding to flatten our tags data:

60-minutes-or-less	time-to-make	course	main-ingredient	preparation	for-large-groups	desserts	lunch	snacks	cookies-and-brownies	chocolate	bar-cookies	brownies	number-of-servings	cuisine	north-american	canadian	british-columbian	side-dishes	vegetables	easy	beginner-cook	broccoli	occasion	american	southern-united-states	dinner-party	holiday-event	cakes	dietary	christmas	thanksgiving	low-sodium	low-in-something	taste-mood	sweet	4-hours-or-less	main-dish	potatoes	meatloaf	simply-potatoes2	weeknight	30-minutes-or-less	beef	diabetic	kid-friendly	stove-top	comfort-food	inexpensive	ground-beef	meat	greens	lettuces	tomatoes	equipment	3-steps-or-less	soups-stews	beans	pork	mexican	stews	crock-pot-slow-cooker	spicy	lentils	presentation	served-hot	danish	pancakes-and-waffles	breakfast	scandinavian	european	eggs-dairy	pasta	cheese	pasta-rice-and-grains	swiss	elbow-macaroni	5-ingredients-or-less	midwestern	free-of-something	savory	swedish	low-protein	very-low-carbs	french	low-cholesterol	low-saturated-fat	low-calorie	low-carb	healthy-2	spinach	copycat	from-scratch	15-minutes-or-less	sauces	condiments-etc	healthy	low-fat	for-1-or-2	granola-and-porridge	vegan	vegetarian	gumbo	seafood	african	cajun	heirloom-historical	shrimp	creole	oamc-freezer-make-ahead	shellfish	savory-pies	salads	bacon	italian	one-dish-meal	toddler-friendly	leftovers	simply-potatoes	beverages	fruit	no-cook	smoothies	food-processor-blender	gluten-free	berries	strawberries	tropical-fruit	mango	brunch	small-appliance	technique	lactose	fall	winter	seasonal	asian	marinades-and-rubs	apples	bananas	oven	served-cold	rice	spring	summer	salad-dressings	kosher	romantic	long-grain-rice	steak	novelty	breads	cheesecake	greek	cocktails	citrus	oranges	bisques-cream-soups	crab	northeastern-united-states	poultry	turkey	appetizers	dips	stuffings-dressings	1-day-or-more	celebrity	english	high-calcium	high-in-something	peppers	refrigerator	shakes	picnic	to-go	grains	ham	casseroles	squash	sandwiches	burgers	cooking-mixes	savory-sauces	biscotti	peanut-butter	fish	baja	grilling	gelatin	halloween	chicken	chicken-thighs-legs	quebec	lasagna	soy-tofu	egg-free	black-beans	mushrooms	herb-and-spice-mixes	high-fiber	high-protein	eggs	onions	infant-baby-friendly	potluck	zucchini	frozen-desserts	puddings-and-mousses	rolls-biscuits	curries	valentines-day	gifts	chick-peas-garbanzos	muffins	quick-breads	cobblers-and-crisps	lamb-sheep	drop-cookies	pies-and-tarts	pies	turkey-burgers	carrots	finger-food	chili	superbowl	yams-sweet-potatoes	cinco-de-mayo	native-american	pitted-fruit	peaches	spaghetti	artichoke	chicken-breasts	cupcakes	japanese	south-west-pacific	australian	yeast	pacific-northwest	hand-formed-cookies	spanish	pork-chops	steaks	barbecue	tuna	saltwater-fish	deep-fry	scones	mixer	middle-eastern	ramadan	clear-soups	oaxacan	south-american	lime	indian	broil	green-yellow-beans	melons	papaya	pineapple	german	nuts	iraqi	saudi-arabian	thai	sourdough	baking	pakistani	chinese	white-rice	spreads	somalian	non-alcoholic	ontario	camping	omelets-and-frittatas	roast	microwave	asparagus	pork-sausage	whole-chicken	blueberries	independence-day	cauliflower	memorial-day	ravioli-tortellini	southwestern-united-states	tex-mex	candy	south-african	easter	hanukkah	passover	wild-game	deer	new-zealand	crusts-pastry-dough-2	corn	bread-machine	flat-shapes	rolled-cookies	pizza	pasta-shells	cake-fillings-and-frostings	pressure-cooker	canning	stir-fry	pennsylvania-dutch	chowders	beef-sausage	lemon	ice-cream	freezer	sweet-sauces	coconut	whole-turkey	pheasant	punch	wedding	grapes	russian	salsas	water-bath	tarts	roast-beef	chinese-new-year	chicken-livers	californian	penne	micro-melanesia	fudge		birthday	nut-free	fillings-and-frostings-chocolate	beef-ribs	pork-ribs	cherries	salmon	brown-rice	freshwater-fish	tilapia	jams-and-preserves	brown-bag	colombian	caribbean	central-american	wings	kiwifruit	breakfast-eggs	eggs-breakfast	turkey-breasts	stocks	scottish	welsh	raspberries	irish	st-patricks-day	cuban	smoker	pork-loins	finnish	coffee-cakes	a1-sauce	avocado	moroccan	labor-day	jewish-sephardi	iranian-persian	belgian	costa-rican	garnishes	new-years	super-bowl	dutch	pumpkin	cod	sole-and-flounder	turkish	polish	mardi-gras-carnival	puerto-rican	filipino	georgian	brazilian	nigerian	fathers-day	chutneys	collard-greens	ecuadorean	steam	mussels	peruvian	clams	lebanese	meatballs	egyptian	argentine	portuguese	chilean	hidden-valley-ranch	dehydrator	pears	oatmeal	reynolds-wrap	dairy-free	veal	duck	hawaiian	eggplant	perch	scallops	icelandic	veggie-burgers	mothers-day	jewish-ashkenazi	mashed-potatoes	chocolate-chip-cookies	vietnamese	czech	elk	amish-mennonite	chard	rabbit	main-dish-beef	beef-crock-pot	pot-roast	szechuan	halibut	oysters	bok-choys	halloween-cocktails	short-grain-rice	hungarian	rosh-hashanah	libyan	austrian	april-fools-day	palestinian	malaysian	medium-grain-rice	angolan	guatemalan	korean	plums	manicotti	norwegian	indonesian	lobster	whole-duck	honduran	halloween-cakes	ethiopian	soul	ragu-recipe-contest	macaroni-and-cheese	no-shell-fish	mahi-mahi	irish-st-patricks-day	jellies	cantonese	polynesian	pickeral	tempeh	main-dish-chicken	catfish	cambodian	brewing	bass	bear	beef-organ-meats	beef-liver	beef-sauces	spaghetti-sauce	moose	beijing	college	hunan	heirloom-historical-recipes	nepalese	pot-pie	kwanzaa	unprocessed-freezer	congolese	rosh-hashana	main-dish-pork	pork-loins-roast	quiche	trout	sugar-cookies	orange-roughy	sudanese	crawfish	squid	pressure-canning	side-dishes-beans	beans-side-dishes	baked-beans	snacks-kid-friendly	snacks-sweet	halloween-cupcakes	main-dish-pasta	pasta-salad	venezuelan	pasta-elbow-macaroni	namibian	dips-lunch-snacks	duck-breasts	whitefish	mushroom-soup	beef-barley-soup	pork-crock-pot	crock-pot-main-dish	desserts-fruit	desserts-easy	goose	lasagne	laotian	cabbage	prepared-potatoes	middle-eastern-main-dish	high-in-something-diabetic-friendly	black-bean-soup	bean-soup	served-hot-new-years	ham-and-bean-soup	lamb-sheep-main-dish	mongolian	for-large-groups-holiday-event	stews-poultry	octopus	pork-loin	cranberry-sauce	marinara-sauce	breakfast-casseroles	breakfast-potatoes	main-dish-seafood	shrimp-main-dish	pumpkin-bread	bread-pudding	less_thansql:name_topics_of_recipegreater_than	chicken-crock-pot	chicken-stews	chicken-stew	Throw the ultimate fiesta with this sopaipillas recipe from Food.com.	beef-kidney	roast-beef-main-dish	roast-beef-comfort-food
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In this dataframe, 1 means the recipe contains the tag, while a 0 means the recipe does not.

Later on in our hypothesis test, we merge this tags dataframe with our main dataframe to analyze the relationship between certain recipe tags and their number of calories!

As our cleaning came to a close, we did notice certain outliers, particularly for columns of interest such as calories and sugar. We decided to keep these in, as they were valid recipes but with larger servings/amounts of ingredients.

Our final cleaned DataFrame looks like this:

name	id	minutes	contributor_id	submitted	tags	n_steps	steps	description	ingredients	n_ingredients	user_id	date	rating	review	avg_rate	calories	total_fat	sugar	sodium	protein	saturated_fat	carbohydrates
1 brownies in the world best ever	333281	40	985201	2008-10-27 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘for-large-groups’, ‘desserts’, ‘lunch’, ‘snacks’, ‘cookies-and-brownies’, ‘chocolate’, ‘bar-cookies’, ‘brownies’, ‘number-of-servings’]	10	[‘heat the oven to 350f and arrange the rack in the middle’, ‘line an 8-by-8-inch glass baking dish with aluminum foil’, ‘combine chocolate and butter in a medium saucepan and cook over medium-low heat ‘, ‘stirring frequently ‘, ‘until evenly melted’, ‘remove from heat and let cool to room temperature’, ‘combine eggs ‘, ‘sugar ‘, ‘cocoa powder ‘, ‘vanilla extract ‘, ‘espresso ‘, ‘and salt in a large bowl and briefly stir until just evenly incorporated’, ‘add cooled chocolate and mix until uniform in color’, ‘add flour and stir until just incorporated’, ‘transfer batter to the prepared baking dish’, ‘bake until a tester inserted in the center of the brownies comes out clean ‘, ‘about 25 to 30 minutes’, ‘remove from the oven and cool completely before cutting’]	these are the most; chocolatey, moist, rich, dense, fudgy, delicious brownies that you’ll ever make…..sereiously! there’s no doubt that these will be your fav brownies ever for you can add things to them or make them plain…..either way they’re pure heaven!	[‘bittersweet chocolate’, ‘unsalted butter’, ‘eggs’, ‘granulated sugar’, ‘unsweetened cocoa powder’, ‘vanilla extract’, ‘brewed espresso’, ‘kosher salt’, ‘all-purpose flour’]	9	386585	2008-11-19 00:00:00	4	These were pretty good, but took forever to bake. I would send it ended up being almost an hour! Even then, the brownies stuck to the foil, and were on the overly moist side and not easy to cut. They did taste quite rich, though! Made for My 3 Chefs.	4	138.4	10	50	3	3	19	6
1 in canada chocolate chip cookies	453467	45	1848091	2011-04-11 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘cuisine’, ‘preparation’, ‘north-american’, ‘for-large-groups’, ‘canadian’, ‘british-columbian’, ‘number-of-servings’]	12	[‘pre-heat oven the 350 degrees f’, ‘in a mixing bowl ‘, ‘sift together the flours and baking powder’, ‘set aside’, ‘in another mixing bowl ‘, ‘blend together the sugars ‘, ‘margarine ‘, ‘and salt until light and fluffy’, ‘add the eggs ‘, ‘water ‘, ‘and vanilla to the margarine / sugar mixture and mix together until well combined’, ‘add in the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and blend until combined’, ‘scrape down the sides of the bowl and add the chocolate chips’, ‘mix until combined’, ‘scrape down the sides to the bowl again’, ‘using an ice cream scoop ‘, ‘scoop evenly rounded balls of dough and place of cookie sheet about 1 - 2 inches apart to allow for spreading during baking’, ‘bake for 10 - 15 minutes or until golden brown on the outside and soft & chewy in the center’, ‘serve hot and enjoy !’]	this is the recipe that we use at my school cafeteria for chocolate chip cookies. they must be the best chocolate chip cookies i have ever had! if you don’t have margarine or don’t like it, then just use butter (softened) instead.	[‘white sugar’, ‘brown sugar’, ‘salt’, ‘margarine’, ‘eggs’, ‘vanilla’, ‘water’, ‘all-purpose flour’, ‘whole wheat flour’, ‘baking soda’, ‘chocolate chips’]	11	424680	2012-01-26 00:00:00	5	Originally I was gonna cut the recipe in half (just the 2 of us here), but then we had a park-wide yard sale, & I made the whole batch & used them as enticements for potential buyers ~ what the hey, a free cookie as delicious as these are, definitely works its magic! Will be making these again, for sure! Thanks for posting the recipe!	5	595.1	46	211	22	13	51	26
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	29782	2008-12-31 00:00:00	5	This was one of the best broccoli casseroles that I have ever made. I made my own chicken soup for this recipe. I was a bit worried about the tsp of soy sauce but it gave the casserole the best flavor. YUM!	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3
														The photos you took (shapeweaver) inspired me to make this recipe and it actually does look just like them when it comes out of the oven.
														Thanks so much for sharing your recipe shapeweaver. It was wonderful! Going into my family’s favorite Zaar cookbook :)
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	1.19628e+06	2009-04-13 00:00:00	5	I made this for my son’s first birthday party this weekend. Our guests INHALED it! Everyone kept saying how delicious it was. I was I could have gotten to try it.	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	768828	2013-08-02 00:00:00	5	Loved this. Be sure to completely thaw the broccoli. I didn't and it didn't get done in time specified. Just cooked it a little longer though and it was perfect. Thanks Chef.	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3

For our hypothesis test, we used the fully combined DataFrame, with all of the tags alongside a recipe’s rating and nutritional information:

name	id	minutes	contributor_id	submitted	tags	n_steps	steps	description	ingredients	n_ingredients	user_id	date	rating	review	avg_rating	calories	total_fat	sugar	sodium	protein	saturated_fat	carbohydrates	60-minutes-or-less	time-to-make	course	main-ingredient	preparation	for-large-groups	desserts	lunch	snacks	cookies-and-brownies	chocolate	bar-cookies	brownies	number-of-servings	cuisine	north-american	canadian	british-columbian	side-dishes	vegetables	easy	beginner-cook	broccoli	occasion	american	southern-united-states	dinner-party	holiday-event	cakes	dietary	christmas	thanksgiving	low-sodium	low-in-something	taste-mood	sweet	4-hours-or-less	main-dish	potatoes	meatloaf	simply-potatoes2	weeknight	30-minutes-or-less	beef	diabetic	kid-friendly	stove-top	comfort-food	inexpensive	ground-beef	meat	greens	lettuces	tomatoes	equipment	3-steps-or-less	soups-stews	beans	pork	mexican	stews	crock-pot-slow-cooker	spicy	lentils	presentation	served-hot	danish	pancakes-and-waffles	breakfast	scandinavian	european	eggs-dairy	pasta	cheese	pasta-rice-and-grains	swiss	elbow-macaroni	5-ingredients-or-less	midwestern	free-of-something	savory	swedish	low-protein	very-low-carbs	french	low-cholesterol	low-saturated-fat	low-calorie	low-carb	healthy-2	spinach	copycat	from-scratch	15-minutes-or-less	sauces	condiments-etc	healthy	low-fat	for-1-or-2	granola-and-porridge	vegan	vegetarian	gumbo	seafood	african	cajun	heirloom-historical	shrimp	creole	oamc-freezer-make-ahead	shellfish	savory-pies	salads	bacon	italian	one-dish-meal	toddler-friendly	leftovers	simply-potatoes	beverages	fruit	no-cook	smoothies	food-processor-blender	gluten-free	berries	strawberries	tropical-fruit	mango	brunch	small-appliance	technique	lactose	fall	winter	seasonal	asian	marinades-and-rubs	apples	bananas	oven	served-cold	rice	spring	summer	salad-dressings	kosher	romantic	long-grain-rice	steak	novelty	breads	cheesecake	greek	cocktails	citrus	oranges	bisques-cream-soups	crab	northeastern-united-states	poultry	turkey	appetizers	dips	stuffings-dressings	1-day-or-more	celebrity	english	high-calcium	high-in-something	peppers	refrigerator	shakes	picnic	to-go	grains	ham	casseroles	squash	sandwiches	burgers	cooking-mixes	savory-sauces	biscotti	peanut-butter	fish	baja	grilling	gelatin	halloween	chicken	chicken-thighs-legs	quebec	lasagna	soy-tofu	egg-free	black-beans	mushrooms	herb-and-spice-mixes	high-fiber	high-protein	eggs	onions	infant-baby-friendly	potluck	zucchini	frozen-desserts	puddings-and-mousses	rolls-biscuits	curries	valentines-day	gifts	chick-peas-garbanzos	muffins	quick-breads	cobblers-and-crisps	lamb-sheep	drop-cookies	pies-and-tarts	pies	turkey-burgers	carrots	finger-food	chili	superbowl	yams-sweet-potatoes	cinco-de-mayo	native-american	pitted-fruit	peaches	spaghetti	artichoke	chicken-breasts	cupcakes	japanese	south-west-pacific	australian	yeast	pacific-northwest	hand-formed-cookies	spanish	pork-chops	steaks	barbecue	tuna	saltwater-fish	deep-fry	scones	mixer	middle-eastern	ramadan	clear-soups	oaxacan	south-american	lime	indian	broil	green-yellow-beans	melons	papaya	pineapple	german	nuts	iraqi	saudi-arabian	thai	sourdough	baking	pakistani	chinese	white-rice	spreads	somalian	non-alcoholic	ontario	camping	omelets-and-frittatas	roast	microwave	asparagus	pork-sausage	whole-chicken	blueberries	independence-day	cauliflower	memorial-day	ravioli-tortellini	southwestern-united-states	tex-mex	candy	south-african	easter	hanukkah	passover	wild-game	deer	new-zealand	crusts-pastry-dough-2	corn	bread-machine	flat-shapes	rolled-cookies	pizza	pasta-shells	cake-fillings-and-frostings	pressure-cooker	canning	stir-fry	pennsylvania-dutch	chowders	beef-sausage	lemon	ice-cream	freezer	sweet-sauces	coconut	whole-turkey	pheasant	punch	wedding	grapes	russian	salsas	water-bath	tarts	roast-beef	chinese-new-year	chicken-livers	californian	penne	micro-melanesia	fudge		birthday	nut-free	fillings-and-frostings-chocolate	beef-ribs	pork-ribs	cherries	salmon	brown-rice	freshwater-fish	tilapia	jams-and-preserves	brown-bag	colombian	caribbean	central-american	wings	kiwifruit	breakfast-eggs	eggs-breakfast	turkey-breasts	stocks	scottish	welsh	raspberries	irish	st-patricks-day	cuban	smoker	pork-loins	finnish	coffee-cakes	a1-sauce	avocado	moroccan	labor-day	jewish-sephardi	iranian-persian	belgian	costa-rican	garnishes	new-years	super-bowl	dutch	pumpkin	cod	sole-and-flounder	turkish	polish	mardi-gras-carnival	puerto-rican	filipino	georgian	brazilian	nigerian	fathers-day	chutneys	collard-greens	ecuadorean	steam	mussels	peruvian	clams	lebanese	meatballs	egyptian	argentine	portuguese	chilean	hidden-valley-ranch	dehydrator	pears	oatmeal	reynolds-wrap	dairy-free	veal	duck	hawaiian	eggplant	perch	scallops	icelandic	veggie-burgers	mothers-day	jewish-ashkenazi	mashed-potatoes	chocolate-chip-cookies	vietnamese	czech	elk	amish-mennonite	chard	rabbit	main-dish-beef	beef-crock-pot	pot-roast	szechuan	halibut	oysters	bok-choys	halloween-cocktails	short-grain-rice	hungarian	rosh-hashanah	libyan	austrian	april-fools-day	palestinian	malaysian	medium-grain-rice	angolan	guatemalan	korean	plums	manicotti	norwegian	indonesian	lobster	whole-duck	honduran	halloween-cakes	ethiopian	soul	ragu-recipe-contest	macaroni-and-cheese	no-shell-fish	mahi-mahi	irish-st-patricks-day	jellies	cantonese	polynesian	pickeral	tempeh	main-dish-chicken	catfish	cambodian	brewing	bass	bear	beef-organ-meats	beef-liver	beef-sauces	spaghetti-sauce	moose	beijing	college	hunan	heirloom-historical-recipes	nepalese	pot-pie	kwanzaa	unprocessed-freezer	congolese	rosh-hashana	main-dish-pork	pork-loins-roast	quiche	trout	sugar-cookies	orange-roughy	sudanese	crawfish	squid	pressure-canning	side-dishes-beans	beans-side-dishes	baked-beans	snacks-kid-friendly	snacks-sweet	halloween-cupcakes	main-dish-pasta	pasta-salad	venezuelan	pasta-elbow-macaroni	namibian	dips-lunch-snacks	duck-breasts	whitefish	mushroom-soup	beef-barley-soup	pork-crock-pot	crock-pot-main-dish	desserts-fruit	desserts-easy	goose	lasagne	laotian	cabbage	prepared-potatoes	middle-eastern-main-dish	high-in-something-diabetic-friendly	black-bean-soup	bean-soup	served-hot-new-years	ham-and-bean-soup	lamb-sheep-main-dish	mongolian	for-large-groups-holiday-event	stews-poultry	octopus	pork-loin	cranberry-sauce	marinara-sauce	breakfast-casseroles	breakfast-potatoes	main-dish-seafood	shrimp-main-dish	pumpkin-bread	bread-pudding	less_thansql:name_topics_of_recipegreater_than	chicken-crock-pot	chicken-stews	chicken-stew	Throw the ultimate fiesta with this sopaipillas recipe from Food.com.	beef-kidney	roast-beef-main-dish	roast-beef-comfort-food
1 brownies in the world best ever	333281	40	985201	2008-10-27 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘for-large-groups’, ‘desserts’, ‘lunch’, ‘snacks’, ‘cookies-and-brownies’, ‘chocolate’, ‘bar-cookies’, ‘brownies’, ‘number-of-servings’]	10	[‘heat the oven to 350f and arrange the rack in the middle’, ‘line an 8-by-8-inch glass baking dish with aluminum foil’, ‘combine chocolate and butter in a medium saucepan and cook over medium-low heat ‘, ‘stirring frequently ‘, ‘until evenly melted’, ‘remove from heat and let cool to room temperature’, ‘combine eggs ‘, ‘sugar ‘, ‘cocoa powder ‘, ‘vanilla extract ‘, ‘espresso ‘, ‘and salt in a large bowl and briefly stir until just evenly incorporated’, ‘add cooled chocolate and mix until uniform in color’, ‘add flour and stir until just incorporated’, ‘transfer batter to the prepared baking dish’, ‘bake until a tester inserted in the center of the brownies comes out clean ‘, ‘about 25 to 30 minutes’, ‘remove from the oven and cool completely before cutting’]	these are the most; chocolatey, moist, rich, dense, fudgy, delicious brownies that you’ll ever make…..sereiously! there’s no doubt that these will be your fav brownies ever for you can add things to them or make them plain…..either way they’re pure heaven!	[‘bittersweet chocolate’, ‘unsalted butter’, ‘eggs’, ‘granulated sugar’, ‘unsweetened cocoa powder’, ‘vanilla extract’, ‘brewed espresso’, ‘kosher salt’, ‘all-purpose flour’]	9	386585	2008-11-19 00:00:00	4	These were pretty good, but took forever to bake. I would send it ended up being almost an hour! Even then, the brownies stuck to the foil, and were on the overly moist side and not easy to cut. They did taste quite rich, though! Made for My 3 Chefs.	4	138.4	10	50	3	3	19	6	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1 in canada chocolate chip cookies	453467	45	1848091	2011-04-11 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘cuisine’, ‘preparation’, ‘north-american’, ‘for-large-groups’, ‘canadian’, ‘british-columbian’, ‘number-of-servings’]	12	[‘pre-heat oven the 350 degrees f’, ‘in a mixing bowl ‘, ‘sift together the flours and baking powder’, ‘set aside’, ‘in another mixing bowl ‘, ‘blend together the sugars ‘, ‘margarine ‘, ‘and salt until light and fluffy’, ‘add the eggs ‘, ‘water ‘, ‘and vanilla to the margarine / sugar mixture and mix together until well combined’, ‘add in the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and blend until combined’, ‘scrape down the sides of the bowl and add the chocolate chips’, ‘mix until combined’, ‘scrape down the sides to the bowl again’, ‘using an ice cream scoop ‘, ‘scoop evenly rounded balls of dough and place of cookie sheet about 1 - 2 inches apart to allow for spreading during baking’, ‘bake for 10 - 15 minutes or until golden brown on the outside and soft & chewy in the center’, ‘serve hot and enjoy !’]	this is the recipe that we use at my school cafeteria for chocolate chip cookies. they must be the best chocolate chip cookies i have ever had! if you don’t have margarine or don’t like it, then just use butter (softened) instead.	[‘white sugar’, ‘brown sugar’, ‘salt’, ‘margarine’, ‘eggs’, ‘vanilla’, ‘water’, ‘all-purpose flour’, ‘whole wheat flour’, ‘baking soda’, ‘chocolate chips’]	11	424680	2012-01-26 00:00:00	5	Originally I was gonna cut the recipe in half (just the 2 of us here), but then we had a park-wide yard sale, & I made the whole batch & used them as enticements for potential buyers ~ what the hey, a free cookie as delicious as these are, definitely works its magic! Will be making these again, for sure! Thanks for posting the recipe!	5	595.1	46	211	22	13	51	26	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	29782	2008-12-31 00:00:00	5	This was one of the best broccoli casseroles that I have ever made. I made my own chicken soup for this recipe. I was a bit worried about the tsp of soy sauce but it gave the casserole the best flavor. YUM!	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
														The photos you took (shapeweaver) inspired me to make this recipe and it actually does look just like them when it comes out of the oven.
														Thanks so much for sharing your recipe shapeweaver. It was wonderful! Going into my family’s favorite Zaar cookbook :)
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	1.19628e+06	2009-04-13 00:00:00	5	I made this for my son’s first birthday party this weekend. Our guests INHALED it! Everyone kept saying how delicious it was. I was I could have gotten to try it.	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
412 broccoli casserole	306168	40	50969	2008-05-30 00:00:00	[‘60-minutes-or-less’, ‘time-to-make’, ‘course’, ‘main-ingredient’, ‘preparation’, ‘side-dishes’, ‘vegetables’, ‘easy’, ‘beginner-cook’, ‘broccoli’]	6	[‘preheat oven to 350 degrees’, ‘spray a 2 quart baking dish with cooking spray ‘, ‘set aside’, ‘in a large bowl mix together broccoli ‘, ‘soup ‘, ‘one cup of cheese ‘, ‘garlic powder ‘, ‘pepper ‘, ‘salt ‘, ‘milk ‘, ‘1 cup of french onions ‘, ‘and soy sauce’, ‘pour into baking dish ‘, ‘sprinkle remaining cheese over top’, ‘bake for 25 minutes or until cheese is lightly browned’, ‘sprinkle with rest of french fried onions and bake until onions are browned and cheese is bubbly ‘, ‘about 10 more minutes’]	since there are already 411 recipes for broccoli casserole posted to “zaar” ,i decided to call this one #412 broccoli casserole.i don’t think there are any like this one in the database. i based this one on the famous “green bean casserole” from campbell’s soup. but i think mine is better since i don’t like cream of mushroom soup.submitted to “zaar” on may 28th,2008	[‘frozen broccoli cuts’, ‘cream of chicken soup’, ‘sharp cheddar cheese’, ‘garlic powder’, ‘ground black pepper’, ‘salt’, ‘milk’, ‘soy sauce’, ‘french-fried onions’]	9	768828	2013-08-02 00:00:00	5	Loved this. Be sure to completely thaw the broccoli. I didn't and it didn't get done in time specified. Just cooked it a little longer though and it was perfect. Thanks Chef.	5	194.8	20	6	32	22	36	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Univariate Graph EDA

Description and Trends: This is a graph that shows the recipes and their protein count. From the graph, we can quickly see that many recipes (about 43,000) have a protein amount between 0 to 4 PDV(Percent Daily Value) ; the distribution is right-skewed and we see a large decrease in the number of recipes following the initial peak.

Bivariate Graph EDA

Description and Trends: This graph gives us a box plot, or a five summary set, for calories per rating. It tells us the minimum, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, and maximum for calories within each ranking. Based on this graph, we can see that the median and the 1st quartile, or where the first 25% of the calorie values would lie, remains fairly consistent throughout each ranking. As the rating decreases, the 3rd quartile, or the value where 75% and less of the data lies, appears to increase in number of calories. The max calorie count is very variable throughout the rankings.

Aggregate Table

rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	37
1	nan	732.766	419.622	394.972	487.563	480.697	437.898	426.47	431.817	504.764	518.621	481.568	471.365	555.204	648.734	601.148	534.337	1383.63	603.558	610.593	948.844	1947.12	851.6	528.9	965.6	nan	1057.9	nan	nan	531.2	nan	nan	nan	nan
2	199.5	349.979	329.928	345.579	362.728	406.282	431.593	392.315	407.474	390.436	473.763	446.025	613.924	599.497	646.12	610.905	613.74	1226.8	532.813	597.1	1074.17	nan	149.6	1049.05	965.6	nan	1136.7	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan
3	136.05	292.772	335.446	325.212	332.405	338.827	404.565	385.13	416.227	464.635	447.069	483.974	452.795	502.469	681.038	513.886	640.673	540.492	517.72	859.706	769.953	740.025	681.883	660.8	739.6	456.1	1514	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan	nan
4	758.68	347.403	268.41	295.253	332.652	331.788	382.173	374.346	408.351	430.635	464.698	449.799	451.492	466.983	520.831	564.316	528.639	591.55	534.66	663.231	832.135	791.418	635.236	692.518	780.2	854.564	701.1	597.15	1011.35	554.1	nan	nan	nan	nan
5	1263.21	390.09	276.888	301.288	322.762	353.73	385.01	380.566	414.073	431.29	466.726	463.182	490.16	518.264	545.531	587.254	549.3	609.648	599.235	655.086	756.979	680.999	671.108	576.93	766.322	847.61	1475.78	689.778	894.596	697.996	872.454	864.475	338.2	10687.7

Significance: This pivot table gives us the average calories for each rating group and the number of ingredients used. This pivot table was created to see if there was any relation between recipes’ number of ingredients and ranking to its average calorie count. Based on the rankings and number of ingredients, we can see that there appears to be an increase in average calories as the number of ingredients increases for each ranking.

Assessment of Missingness

NMAR ANALYSIS:

What is NMAR?

NMAR or Not Missing at Random is a type of missingness mechanism that tells us that the data is missing due to values within itself, and not dependent on any other data in the dataset.

We believe that the 114 missing values in the description column of our dataset is Not Missing At Random (NMAR). We believe this because the description of a recipe does not really have any relation with other columns like recipe_id, recipe_name, or n_steps. In addition, the description may be missing depending on the actual description itself. For example, if the description would have been extremely short, since the recipe is self-explanatory or very widely known, users may have decided to exclude the description. If the user was lazy, and wanted to only write the bare minimum, they may have also decided to exclude a description. Because of the description column’s (logical) independence from the other columns in our DataFrame, and how the values of description itself may influence the missingness of the description column, we decided to categorize the description column as NMAR.

However, if we had other data that could explain the missingness of the description column, it could be then classified as MAR, or Missing at Random. Some data that might explain why the description column is perhaps how well-known the recipe, how simple the recipe is, and how complicated it would be to describe the recipe.

MAR Permutation Tests

Another column that had missing values would be the review column. This column seems to contain a core purpose of using food.com (sharing opinions about a recipe), and we decided that this column may be MAR. Missing at Random (MAR) is a missingness mechanism where the missingness may be dependent on another column in the DataFrame. We used permutation tests to see which columns rating may have depended on.

For our first permutation test, we decided to test whether the distribution of column rating when review is missing differs from the distribution of column rating when column review is not missing. This is because we reasoned that mediocre or higher ratings may have more missing reviews, since the rating itself was enough to account for their opinion. We used Total Variation Distance (TVD) as our test statistic, as we were dealing with two categorical variables.

Empirical Distribution of TVD’s

Our observed test statistic was about 0.02594. We got a p-value of 0.822. What this means in terms of our question is that we would fail to reject the null hypothesis. Our null hypothesis is that the distribution of rating when review is missing is the same as the distribution of rating when review is not missing. Since we got a p-value that was higher than 0.05, which was our threshold, we decided to fail to reject the null. This means that the missingness of reviews is not dependent on ratings.

Difference in Group Means

For our second permutation test, we decided to look at how the distribution of column calories when review is missing differs from the distribution of column calories when column reviews is not missing. Our null hypothesis is that the distribution of review when calories is missing is the same as the distribution of review when calories is not missing. We decided to use the difference in group means (distribution when review was missing - when review was not missing) as our test statistic, since calories is a quantitative variable. Here is a graph of our empirical distribution of group means:

Our observed test statistic was about 319.26908. We got a p-value of about 0.002, which was smaller than our significance level of 0.05. Since we got a p-value that was lower than 0.05, we decided to reject the null. This means that the missingness of reviews is dependent on the number of calories for that recipe.

Hypothesis Testing

Our question was: do dessert recipes tend to have more calories than other recipes?

Null Hypothesis: The recipes with the dessert tags have the same amount of calories as the recipes with other tags.

Alternative Hypothesis: The recipes with the dessert tags have higher amounts of calories than the recipes with other tags.

Test statistic: Signed Difference of Means (between dessert recipes and overall recipes). We chose to use this test statistic because our alternative hypothesis is directional, and we were dealing with quantitative variables (number of calories).

Observed Test Stat: 86.71038102803391

Significance Level: 0.05

P-Value: 0.493 A p-value is the likelihood of a sample drawn from the population having a test statistic that is more extreme than our observed value. Here, it seems our observed difference is not very large or unique, as under the null hypothesis.

Conclusion We fail to reject the null hypothesis because our p-value of 0.493 is not significant–it is greater than our alpha value of 0.05. From our data, it appears that the recipes with the dessert tags do not have significantly more mean calories as the recipes with other tags.